Estrogen and bones after menopause: a reappraisal of data and future perspectives

This review article examines the role of estrogen-based menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) in preventing postmenopausal bone loss and reducing fracture risk by exploring its dual mechanisms—suppressing osteoclast activity and enhancing osteoblast function—in a dose-dependent manner, with benefits seen even at ultra-low doses and through transdermal delivery. It discusses the clinical