estrogen Archives - Well Referenced

The impact of obesity on the male reproductive axis

This review article examines the multifaceted effects of obesity on male reproductive health. Obesity is associated with decreased testosterone levels, sexual dysfunction, and impaired sperm parameters. Mechanisms include reduced hypothalamic and pituitary secretory function, increased estrogen production due to aromatization in adipose tissue, and decreased sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels.

June 26, 2025 No Comments

Unequal risks for breast cancer associated with different hormone replacement therapies: results from the E3N cohort study

This 2007 study by Fournier et al. analyzed data from the French E3N cohort to assess breast cancer risk associated with various hormone replacement therapies (HRTs) in postmenopausal women. Over an average follow-up of 8.1 years involving 80,377 women, 2,354 cases of invasive breast cancer were identified. The study found

June 26, 2025 No Comments

Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, mild cognitive impairment and the menopause: a ‘window of opportunity’?

This 2013 review by Dennis A. Davey explores the intersection of menopause and cognitive decline, emphasizing that Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is not an inevitable consequence of aging. The article highlights that pathological changes associated with AD begin in midlife, suggesting a prolonged preclinical phase detectable through biomarkers and imaging. Notably,

June 26, 2025 No Comments

Immune Effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy in Post-Menopausal Women

This study investigated the impact of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on immune function in post-menopausal women. The findings indicated that HRT modulates immune responses, potentially restoring some aspects of immune function altered by menopause. Specifically, HRT was associated with changes in cytokine production and lymphocyte activity, suggesting a shift towards

June 26, 2025 No Comments

Physiological and neurobiological bases of age-related hearing loss: biotherapeutic implications

This comprehensive review examines the cellular, molecular, and hormonal factors contributing to age-related hearing loss (presbycusis), particularly the roles of sex hormones (estrogen, progesterone) and aldosterone in auditory aging. Estrogen appears to exert neuroprotective effects on auditory function, whereas progesterone may impair it. Aldosterone has been shown to enhance potassium

June 26, 2025 No Comments

Iron Overload and Breast Cancer: Iron Chelation as a Potential Therapeutic Approach

This 2022 review explores the role of iron overload in breast cancer development and progression. Excess iron, particularly non-transferrin-bound iron (NTBI), can catalyze free radical reactions, leading to oxidative stress and DNA damage. Estrogen can exacerbate this by disrupting iron metabolism, further increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. The study

June 26, 2025 No Comments

European Menopause and Andropause Society (EMAS) and International Gynecologic Cancer Society (IGCS) position statement on managing the menopause after gynecological cancer: focus on menopausal symptoms and osteoporosis

This 2020 position statement by EMAS and IGCS offers comprehensive guidelines on the management of menopausal symptoms and osteoporosis in women who have undergone treatment for gynecological cancers. It advocates individualized care based on cancer type, treatment history, and hormone receptor status. For women with early-stage, low-grade endometrial cancer, menopausal

June 26, 2025 No Comments

Vascular effects of estrogenic menopausal hormone therapy

This 2012 review explores the vascular effects of estrogenic menopausal hormone therapy (MHT). Estrogen exerts both genomic and non-genomic actions on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), including inhibition of contraction mechanisms such as intracellular calcium, protein kinase C, and Rho-kinase pathways. Estrogen also modulates the vascular cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix, lipid

June 26, 2025 No Comments

Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Long-term All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: The Women’s Health Initiative Randomized Trials

This 2017 analysis of the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) randomized trials examined the long-term effects of menopausal hormone therapy (HT) on mortality. Among 27,347 postmenopausal women followed for a median of 18 years, neither estrogen-alone nor estrogen-plus-progestin therapy was associated with increased all-cause or cause-specific mortality, including deaths from cardiovascular

June 26, 2025 No Comments

Hormone Therapy for the Primary Prevention of Chronic Conditions in Postmenopausal Persons: An Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force

This 2022 systematic review evaluated the benefits and harms of systemic hormone therapy (HT) for the primary prevention of chronic conditions in postmenopausal individuals. Analyzing 20 trials (n=39,145) and 3 cohort studies (n=1,155,410), the review found that while HT reduced risks of diabetes and fractures, it increased risks of gallbladder

June 26, 2025 No Comments

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