This 1998 study evaluated the effects of topical estradiol (0.01%) and estriol (0.3%) creams on skin aging in 59 perimenopausal women over six months. Both treatments significantly improved skin elasticity, firmness, and moisture, with reductions in wrinkle depth and pore size ranging from 61% to 100%. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed increased
This 2014 review article examines the role of testosterone supplementation therapy (TST) in men with metabolic syndrome (MetS). MetS is characterized by a cluster of conditions including increased waist circumference, high triglyceride levels, low HDL cholesterol, high blood pressure, and insulin resistance, which collectively elevate the risk of type 2
This 2013 review by Dennis A. Davey explores the intersection of menopause and cognitive decline, emphasizing that Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is not an inevitable consequence of aging. The article highlights that pathological changes associated with AD begin in midlife, suggesting a prolonged preclinical phase detectable through biomarkers and imaging. Notably,
This 1977 double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of HCG injections in treating obesity. Participants received either HCG or placebo injections while adhering to a low-calorie diet. The study found no significant differences between the HCG and placebo groups in terms of weight loss, hunger levels, mood changes, or localized
This review explores the association between androgen deficiency—specifically reductions in testosterone (T), dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), and its sulfate (DHEA-S)—and memory impairment in aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It highlights that hypoandrogenism correlates with cognitive decline, potentially due to its influence on tau protein hyperphosphorylation, a hallmark of AD pathology. While animal
This cross-sectional study assessed 47 adults aged 58–84 to determine whether higher serum aldosterone levels are associated with better hearing function. Audiometric evaluations included pure-tone thresholds, hearing in noise test (HINT), transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAE), and gap detection. Results demonstrated a significant correlation between elevated aldosterone levels and improved
This 2018 article explores the rationale and emerging evidence behind supraphysiological testosterone (SPT) therapy—specifically bipolar androgen therapy (BAT)—for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). BAT administers high-dose testosterone in cycles to exploit the overexpression of androgen receptors (AR) in CRPC cells, triggering DNA damage and AR pathway disruption. Clinical studies demonstrate potential
This 2018 analysis from the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study evaluated the relationship between estrogen-alone hormone therapy and invasive breast cancer incidence among 26,525 postmenopausal women with a hysterectomy. Over an average follow-up of 8.2 years, the study found no significant differences in breast cancer risk when comparing low-dose (
This 2022 position statement by the North American Menopause Society (NAMS) updates the 2017 guidance on hormone therapy (HT) for menopausal individuals. HT remains the most effective treatment for vasomotor symptoms and genitourinary syndrome of menopause and is shown to prevent bone loss and fractures. The benefits and risks of
This 2022 systematic review evaluated the benefits and harms of systemic hormone therapy (HT) for the primary prevention of chronic conditions in postmenopausal individuals. Analyzing 20 trials (n=39,145) and 3 cohort studies (n=1,155,410), the review found that while HT reduced risks of diabetes and fractures, it increased risks of gallbladder
