This 2019 review elucidates the molecular mechanisms by which low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy (Li-ESWT) exerts therapeutic effects, particularly in erectile dysfunction (ED). Li-ESWT promotes neovascularization, tissue regeneration, and anti-inflammatory responses through mechanotransduction, leading to activation of key signaling pathways such as FAK, ERK1/2, Wnt/β-catenin, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, and PERK/ATF4. These pathways
