This 2021 review examines the pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential of NAD⁺ precursors, including nicotinamide riboside (NR), nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), and nicotinic acid (NA). The authors discuss how these compounds enhance NAD⁺ levels, influencing cellular redox states, energy metabolism, and sirtuin activity. The review highlights the role of NAD⁺ in
