This review article explores the role of histamine as a central neurotransmitter in regulating appetite and metabolism. Histamine exerts anorexigenic effects primarily through H₁ receptor stimulation, mediating leptin’s inhibitory impact on appetite and potentially delaying leptin resistance in high-fat diet-induced obesity. Additionally, histamine may enhance lipolysis, contributing to weight regulation.
This 2022 review examines the complexities of nutritional management in critically ill patients with sepsis and acute kidney injury (AKI). It highlights that sepsis induces unique metabolic changes, such as activation of fasting metabolism, which may be protective. Traditional nutrition strategies, often based on inaccurate caloric estimates and not accounting
This 2007 review examines the metabolic impacts of high-protein diets, particularly in weight-stable individuals. Findings indicate that higher protein intake is associated with lower blood pressure and, in diabetic patients, reduced glycosylated hemoglobin levels. However, the long-term effects on atherosclerosis risk remain unclear due to limited and conflicting epidemiological data.
This 2019 review examines the nutritional composition, bioavailability, and health outcomes associated with dark chocolate consumption. It highlights the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties of dark chocolate, as well as its potential cardiovascular and metabolic benefits. The review also discusses negative effects, such as its caloric density and potential to trigger
This 2015 review explores various methods to activate and recruit brown adipose tissue (BAT) in humans, aiming to enhance energy expenditure and improve metabolic health. Non-pharmacological strategies include cold exposure, which stimulates BAT activity through sympathetic nervous system activation, and exercise-induced hormones like irisin and FGF21 that promote the browning
This 2020 systematic review assessed the effects of prolonged L-carnitine (LC) supplementation on metabolism and related modifications. Analyzing 11 studies involving healthy human subjects who received oral LC (1–4 g/day) for 12–24 weeks, the review found that LC combined with carbohydrates effectively increased skeletal muscle carnitine content. In centenarians, supplementation
This 2011 study by Lee et al. investigates the metabolic effects of chronic β-blocker therapy. The research comprises a mechanistic study comparing energy expenditure (EE), diet-induced thermogenesis, and habitual activity between β-blocker-treated individuals and matched controls, alongside cross-sectional analyses of body weight, BMI, and waist circumference in patients from diabetes
This 2011 review by Teff and Kim explores how atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) influence central and peripheral mechanisms regulating appetite and metabolism. AAPs, notably clozapine and olanzapine, are associated with significant weight gain and metabolic disturbances. The authors discuss how these drugs affect hypothalamic pathways, particularly through antagonism of histamine H1
This 2018 review explores glutamine’s role as a conditionally essential amino acid, particularly during catabolic stress. It highlights glutamine’s critical functions in immune cell energy metabolism, nitrogen transport, and antioxidant defense via glutathione synthesis. The paper discusses glutamine’s impact on lymphocyte proliferation, cytokine production, and macrophage activity. Clinical applications include
This 2021 review examines the pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential of NAD⁺ precursors, including nicotinamide riboside (NR), nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), and nicotinic acid (NA). The authors discuss how these compounds enhance NAD⁺ levels, influencing cellular redox states, energy metabolism, and sirtuin activity. The review highlights the role of NAD⁺ in
