This 2019 preclinical study evaluated the therapeutic effects of extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT), Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs), and their combination in a rat model of early knee osteoarthritis (KOA). All treatment modalities significantly improved cartilage integrity and subchondral bone remodeling, as evidenced by pathological assessments, micro-CT, and immunohistochemical
