Activation of Nrf2 by methylene blue is associated with the neuroprotection against MPP+ induced toxicity via ameliorating oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction

Methylene blue (MB) demonstrates neuroprotective potential against MPP+-induced neurotoxicity, a model for Parkinson’s disease, by reducing oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. The study, conducted in vitro and in animal models, highlights MB’s ability to restore mitochondrial complex I activity, increase ATP levels, and activate the Nrf2 pathway via AKT signaling,