This 2019 review by Dr. George J. Brewer posits that the rise in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in developed countries correlates with increased ingestion of divalent copper (Cu²⁺), primarily from copper plumbing and dietary supplements. The author argues that while humans have evolved mechanisms to safely process monovalent copper (Cu¹⁺) from
This 2017 preclinical study investigated the therapeutic effects of human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells (hUCB-MSCs) administered via intravenous or intravitreal routes in a mouse model of cryo-induced retinal injury. Forty-eight mice were divided into four groups: controls, injury without treatment, intravenous hUCB-MSC treatment, and intravitreal hUCB-MSC treatment. Histological
This 2016 review by Zanardi et al. explores the dual nature of ozone (O₃) as both a potent oxidant and a therapeutic agent. The authors discuss how, at controlled doses, ozone can stimulate beneficial biological responses, including the activation of antioxidant systems and modulation of the immune response. The review
This 2012 review discusses emerging therapeutic strategies for dry age-related macular degeneration (AMD), focusing on approaches targeting oxidative stress, inflammation, and complement system dysregulation. Investigational treatments include complement inhibitors, neuroprotective agents, visual cycle modulators, and stem cell therapies. The article emphasizes the need for continued research to develop effective interventions
This 2018 review by Seyam et al. explores the application of oxygen-ozone (O₃) therapy in treating various musculoskeletal disorders. The authors discuss the physiological and biochemical mechanisms by which ozone therapy may exert therapeutic effects, including modulation of oxidative stress and enhancement of oxygen metabolism. Clinical applications reviewed encompass conditions
This 2017 review by Smith et al. examines the pharmacodynamics, clinical applications, and safety considerations of ozone therapy. The authors discuss how ozone induces moderate oxidative stress, leading to increased antioxidant production, improved oxygen delivery, and enhanced immune responses. Various administration routes are explored, including autohemotherapy, rectal insufflation, and topical
This 2020 preclinical study investigated the effects of BPC 157, a stable gastric pentadecapeptide, on bowel adhesion formation in rats following peritoneal injury. Rats underwent parietal peritoneum excision and received treatments including BPC 157, L-NAME (a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor), L-arginine (a nitric oxide precursor), or combinations thereof. BPC 157,
This 2020 review article examines the involvement of oxidative stress (OS) in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD). The brain’s high oxygen consumption, abundant lipid content, and relatively weak antioxidant defenses make it particularly susceptible to OS. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the depletion of antioxidant
This 2012 review article examines the role of carotenoids—fat-soluble pigments found in fruits and vegetables—in cardiovascular health. Carotenoids, such as beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin, possess antioxidant properties that can neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby reducing oxidative stress—a key factor in atherosclerosis development. The review highlights that carotenoids may
This 2015 review examines the roles of copper, selenium, manganese, iodine, and vanadium in the pathophysiology of depression and anxiety. The study discusses how these trace elements, as cofactors for enzymes involved in neurotransmitter synthesis and antioxidant defense, may influence mental health. For instance, copper is essential for dopamine and
