Well Referenced

Tag: neuroinflammation

Role of Endogenous Lipopolysaccharides in Neurological Disorders

This review article explores the role of endogenous lipopolysaccharides (LPS)—toxic components from Gram-negative bacteria—in the development of neurological disorders. It explains how gut dysbiosis and increased intestinal permeability allow LPS to enter the bloodstream, triggering systemic inflammation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, and activation of microglia and astrocytes. These immune responses

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

The endotoxin hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease

This review introduces the “endotoxin hypothesis” of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), proposing that elevated levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)—an endotoxin from Gram-negative bacteria—play a significant role in AD pathogenesis. The article discusses how LPS can enter the bloodstream from gut dysbiosis or infections and accumulate in the brain, promoting amyloid-beta (Aβ) production,

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

The Endotoxin Hypothesis of Parkinson’s Disease

This review explores the “endotoxin hypothesis” of Parkinson’s disease (PD), suggesting that elevated levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from gut dysfunction contribute to PD progression. LPS promotes α-synuclein aggregation, microglial activation, neuroinflammation, and dopaminergic neuron loss in the brain. The hypothesis posits that gut-derived LPS and cytokines induce systemic inflammation, which

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

The Zonulin-transgenic mouse displays behavioral alterations ameliorated via depletion of the gut microbiota

This study using the Zonulin-transgenic mouse (Ztm) model explores the impact of increased gut permeability and microbiota dysbiosis on brain function and behavior. Ztm mice exhibited sex-dependent behavioral abnormalities, altered blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity, and increased brain inflammation. Antibiotic-induced depletion of the gut microbiota in these mice resulted in reduced

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

GluR2 can Drive Neuroinflammation and Cognitive Impairments Following Peripherally Repeated Lipopolysaccharide Exposures

This study demonstrated that GluR2 plays a key role in neuroinflammation and cognitive impairments in a mouse model exposed to repeated peripheral lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS exposure led to cognitive deficits, microglial activation, increased GluR1 and GluR2 levels, and reduced synaptic integrity in the hippocampus. The AMPA receptor antagonist CFM-2 and

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

Complement C1q drives microglia-dependent synaptic loss and cognitive impairments in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation

This animal study examined the role of complement protein C1q in causing synaptic loss and cognitive impairments through microglial activation in a mouse model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced neuroinflammation. Researchers found that neutralizing C1q significantly reduced microglial activation, prevented synaptic loss, and protected against cognitive deficits. Clinically, these findings indicate that

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

Nebulized Glutathione as a Key Antioxidant for the Treatment of Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Conditions

Nebulized glutathione (GSH), a powerful intracellular antioxidant, shows promise as a novel therapy for combating oxidative stress in neurodegenerative conditions such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. Acting through its sulfhydryl group, GSH neutralizes reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, supports mitochondrial function, regulates apoptosis and autophagy, and activates the NRF2 antioxidant

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

Chronic administration of synthetic cannabidiol induces antidepressant effects involving modulation of serotonin and noradrenaline levels in the hippocampus

This study examined the antidepressant-like effects of chronic administration of synthetic cannabidiol (CBD) in mice. Over seven days, mice received CBD at doses of 10, 30, or 100 mg/kg, and depressive-like behaviors were assessed using the forced swim test (FST). The study found that 100 mg/kg of CBD significantly reduced

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

The Role of Nutrients in Protecting Mitochondrial Function and Neurotransmitter Signaling: Implications for the Treatment of Depression, PTSD, and Suicidal Behaviors

This systematic review explores how specific nutrients—such as B vitamins (B6, B9, B12), omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, vitamin C, magnesium, zinc, and antioxidants—support mitochondrial function and neurotransmitter signaling, both of which are disrupted in mood disorders like depression, PTSD, and suicidal behavior. The review highlights that correcting nutritional deficiencies

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

Methylene blue offers neuroprotection after intracerebral hemorrhage in rats through the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway

This study investigated the neuroprotective effects of methylene blue (MB) in rats suffering from intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The findings showed that MB significantly improved neurological function, reduced brain swelling, and protected the blood-brain barrier. The neuroprotective effects were linked to a reduction in apoptosis and neuroinflammation via the PI3K/Akt/GSK3β signaling

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June 26, 2025 No Comments