This 2020 review article examines the involvement of oxidative stress (OS) in the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder (MDD). The brain’s high oxygen consumption, abundant lipid content, and relatively weak antioxidant defenses make it particularly susceptible to OS. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the depletion of antioxidant
This 2015 review explores melatonin’s multifaceted role in mitigating brain inflammaging—a chronic, low-grade inflammation contributing to aging and neurodegeneration. Melatonin functions as a direct and indirect antioxidant, modulates mitochondrial function, and suppresses proinflammatory pathways by inhibiting NADPH oxidase, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and proinflammatory cytokines. It also enhances circadian rhythm
This 2014 review explores the role of the CD200-CD200R signaling axis in regulating neuroinflammation within the central nervous system (CNS). The interaction between neuronal CD200 and microglial CD200R serves as an inhibitory mechanism to maintain microglial quiescence and prevent excessive inflammatory responses. Disruption of this pathway is implicated in neurodegenerative
This 2021 study by Magaquian et al. investigates the effects of phosphatidylcholine (PtdCho) on neural stem cells (NSCs) under inflammatory conditions. The researchers found that while inflammation did not affect NSC proliferation, it led to aberrant neuronal differentiation, resulting in dystrophic, non-functional neurons. Supplementation with PtdCho enhanced neuronal differentiation even
This 2014 review examines the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and the therapeutic potential of modulating TLR signaling. TLRs are pattern recognition receptors involved in innate immunity, and their dysregulation in AD contributes to chronic neuroinflammation and neuronal damage. The article discusses how
This 2015 review explores the complex interactions between testosterone deficiency, insulin-resistant obesity, and cognitive decline. It highlights how low testosterone levels can exacerbate insulin resistance and promote central adiposity, both of which are linked to increased neuroinflammation and oxidative stress—key contributors to cognitive impairment. Testosterone appears to support cognitive function
This 2018 review investigates the role of environmental metal exposure in Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathogenesis. While only 5–10% of PD cases are linked to genetic factors, the majority are idiopathic, with environmental toxins like metals (e.g., mercury, lead, manganese, copper, iron, aluminum, bismuth, thallium, zinc) implicated. The review outlines how
This 2019 review investigates the neuroprotective properties of doxycycline in treating neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, and prion diseases. Doxycycline acts via multiple pathways: it inhibits the aggregation of pathogenic proteins like amyloid-β and α-synuclein, suppresses neuroinflammation by attenuating microglial activation, and exhibits both antioxidant and anti-apoptotic
This 2013 review examines the biochemical underpinnings of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), focusing on oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and tryptophan metabolism. It highlights that individuals with ASD often exhibit elevated oxidative stress markers and diminished antioxidant defenses, leading to mitochondrial impairments and disrupted energy metabolism, including alterations in NAD⁺/NADH ratios
This randomized controlled trial assessed the cognitive effects of a very low-carbohydrate (ketogenic) diet in 23 older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Over six weeks, participants following the ketogenic diet exhibited significant improvements in verbal memory performance compared to those on a high-carbohydrate diet. The ketogenic group also experienced
