This 2021 review by Giri et al. addresses the clinical challenges in managing thickened endometrium (ET) detected via transvaginal ultrasound (TVS), particularly in asymptomatic women. The article emphasizes that ET alone is not a definitive predictor of endometrial pathology. Key recommendations include: for asymptomatic postmenopausal women, an ET >11 mm
This 2012 review by Dye et al. examines the relationship between hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and neurodegenerative diseases, focusing on Alzheimer’s disease (AD), Parkinson’s disease (PD), frontotemporal dementia (FTD), and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder. The authors highlight that 17β-estradiol may reduce the risk of AD and improve cognitive function in postmenopausal
This 2017 article by Lauren Vogel in the Canadian Medical Association Journal critiques the generalization of the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) trial results, which primarily involved women over 60, to younger women considering hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The WHI findings, indicating increased risks of breast cancer, heart disease, and stroke
This 2007 study by Fournier et al. analyzed data from the French E3N cohort to assess breast cancer risk associated with various hormone replacement therapies (HRTs) in postmenopausal women. Over an average follow-up of 8.1 years involving 80,377 women, 2,354 cases of invasive breast cancer were identified. The study found
This 2001 randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study investigated the effects of combined hormone replacement therapy (HRT) with 17β-estradiol and norethisterone acetate on body composition in 16 healthy postmenopausal women. Over two 12-week periods separated by a 3-month washout, participants received either HRT or placebo. HRT led to significant increases in lean
This study investigated the impact of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) on immune function in post-menopausal women. The findings indicated that HRT modulates immune responses, potentially restoring some aspects of immune function altered by menopause. Specifically, HRT was associated with changes in cytokine production and lymphocyte activity, suggesting a shift towards
This review revisits the role of growth hormone (GH) in heart failure (HF), highlighting its potential therapeutic benefits due to its anabolic, vasodilatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. Early studies suggested improvements in cardiovascular parameters with GH therapy; however, larger trials yielded inconsistent results. The authors discuss the concept of multiple hormonal
This 2010 review examines the influence of metabolic and endocrine factors on mild cognitive impairment (MCI). It highlights chronic kidney disease as a newly identified independent risk factor for MCI. The review discusses the potential benefits of testosterone substitution in individuals with low testosterone levels, though routine screening is not
This 2019 review critically evaluates the safety and efficacy of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in female cancer survivors. It categorizes tumors into three groups based on oncologic risk associated with HRT: (1) HRT is advantageous (e.g., endometrial cancer type I, cervical adenocarcinoma, hematologic malignancies), (2) HRT is neutral (e.g., BRCA1/2
This 2019 nested case-control study analyzed data from the QResearch and CPRD databases to assess the association between hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use and the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in women aged 40–79. The study found that oral HRT, particularly combined estrogen-progestogen formulations, was associated with a significantly increased
