Well Referenced

Tag: Dermatology

The Multiple Uses of Azelaic Acid in Dermatology: Mechanism of Action, Preparations, and Potential Therapeutic Applications

This 2023 review explores azelaic acid (AzA), a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid with multifaceted dermatological applications. AzA exhibits anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-keratinizing properties, making it effective in treating conditions like acne vulgaris, rosacea, melasma, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Its mechanisms include inhibition of tyrosinase and mitochondrial enzymes, suppression of DNA

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

Topical Treatments for Melasma and Their Mechanism of Action

This systematic review analyzed 348 studies, with 80 meeting inclusion criteria, to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of topical agents used in melasma treatment. The review reaffirmed triple combination (TC) therapy—comprising hydroquinone, a retinoid, and a corticosteroid—as the gold standard due to its superior efficacy and patient tolerability. Hydroquinone

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

Hydroquinone: myths and reality

This review addresses common misconceptions about hydroquinone, a topical agent used to treat hyperpigmentation disorders. It emphasizes hydroquinone’s mechanism of action as a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase, leading to decreased melanin production. The article highlights that when used in concentrations ≤5% for limited periods with regular monitoring, hydroquinone is effective

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

Azelaic Acid Versus Hydroquinone for Managing Patients With Melasma: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of azelaic acid compared to hydroquinone in treating melasma. Analyzing six randomized controlled trials encompassing 673 patients, the study found that azelaic acid led to a greater reduction in the Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) scores than hydroquinone (mean

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

Combined autologous platelet-rich plasma with microneedling versus microneedling with distilled water in the treatment of atrophic acne scars: a concurrent split-face study

This 2016 split-face clinical trial evaluated the efficacy of combining autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) with microneedling versus microneedling with distilled water in treating atrophic acne scars. Fifty patients aged 17–32 underwent three monthly sessions, with PRP applied to one side of the face and distilled water to the other. The

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

The Clinical Effect of Glutathione on Skin Color and Other Related Skin Conditions: A Systematic Review

This 2019 systematic review assessed the efficacy of glutathione in skin lightening and related dermatological conditions. Analyzing four clinical studies, including three randomized controlled trials and one single-arm trial, the review found that both oral glutathione at 500 mg/day and topical 2.0% oxidized glutathione could brighten skin color in sun-exposed

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants in Atopic Dermatitis

This 2017 review by Sivaranjani et al. explores the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD). The authors discuss how an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant defenses contributes to skin inflammation and barrier dysfunction in AD. Elevated levels of ROS can lead to

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

Role of Reactive Oxygen Species and Antioxidants in Atopic Dermatitis

This 2013 case-control study by Sivaranjani et al. assessed oxidative stress markers in 25 patients with atopic dermatitis (AD) compared to 25 healthy controls. The study found significantly elevated levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), a marker of lipid peroxidation, in AD patients. Concurrently, there was a marked reduction in both enzymatic

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

A Novel Therapy for the Treatment of Pyoderma Gangrenosum

This 2008 case series explored the use of topical cyclosporine as a novel treatment for pyoderma gangrenosum (PG), a painful and ulcerative neutrophilic dermatosis commonly linked to systemic conditions like inflammatory bowel disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Four patients applied topical cyclosporine to affected areas, resulting in successful lesion healing without

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June 26, 2025 No Comments