This study analyzed data from 365 diabetic individuals aged 55 and older, followed over four years as part of the Singapore Longitudinal Aging Study. It found that long-term metformin use, particularly beyond six years, was significantly associated with a reduced risk of cognitive impairment. Specifically, those using metformin for over
This systematic review explores the diverse pharmacological effects of ginseng, focusing on its active compounds—ginsenosides and polysaccharides—and their impact on human health. Drawing from 20 years of clinical studies, primarily in developed countries, the review highlights ginseng’s adaptogenic properties, which help regulate physiological processes and promote homeostasis. It demonstrates beneficial
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial examined the effects of citicoline supplementation (500 mg/day for 12 weeks) on memory function in 100 healthy older adults (ages 50-85) with age-associated memory impairment (AAMI). The citicoline group showed significant improvements in episodic memory (p=0.0025) and overall memory performance (p=0.0052) compared to the placebo.
This observational study examined the effects of phosphatidylcholine (PC) with different fatty acid compositions on cognitive function and oxidative stress in mice with scopolamine-induced cognitive decline. Mice supplemented with PC rich in EPA (sea cucumber PC) and DHA (squid PC) showed significant improvements in learning and memory performance, reduced acetylcholinesterase
This study examines the effects of soy lecithin-derived phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidic acid (PA) supplementation on memory, cognition, daily functioning, and mood in elderly individuals, particularly those with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and dementia. The results showed significant improvements in memory, mental health, and mood, with a 49% improvement in general
This systematic review examined the effectiveness and feasibility of high-dose intravenous (IV) vitamin C in treating fatigue, particularly in post-viral contexts such as long COVID. Across nine studies with 720 participants, three of four controlled trials and four of five observational studies showed a significant reduction in fatigue levels in
This systematic review examines the role of B-vitamin deficiencies—specifically B1, B3, B6, B9 (folate), and B12—in the development and severity of depression and cognitive decline. These vitamins are essential for neurotransmitter synthesis, methylation, homocysteine reduction, and neuronal membrane integrity. The review highlights that deficiencies in these vitamins are associated with
This randomized controlled trial examined the effects of combining testosterone and vardenafil (a PDE5 inhibitor) on cognitive, affective, and physiological sexual functions in 28 women with sexual dysfunction. The study found that in women with low initial attention to sexual cues, testosterone increased sensitivity to these cues, and the combination
The study titled “Therapeutic and preventive effects of methylene blue on Alzheimer’s disease pathology in a transgenic mouse model” investigated the impact of methylene blue (MB) on cognitive function and amyloid pathology in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Both oral and intraperitoneal MB treatments were administered either before or after the onset
This study examined the effects of a carbohydrate-restricted diet (CRPD) combined with high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on cognitive function and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels in individuals with metabolic syndrome (MetS). The results showed significant improvements in cognitive performance, such as psychomotor speed and cognitive flexibility, along with a 20%-38%
