This 2006 review by Bastard et al. explores the mechanistic links between obesity, chronic low-grade inflammation, and insulin resistance. It highlights that white adipose tissue (WAT) in obese individuals becomes a source of pro-inflammatory cytokines, notably TNF-α and IL-6, due to the activation of the innate immune system. These cytokines
This 2021 network meta-analysis by Dai et al. evaluated the impact of leukocyte concentration in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) injections on clinical outcomes for knee osteoarthritis (OA). The study analyzed data from 30 randomized controlled trials encompassing 2,662 patients, comparing leukocyte-rich PRP (LR-PRP), leukocyte-poor PRP (LP-PRP), and placebo. Results indicated that
This 2004 review by Gökhan S. Hotamisligil examines how adipose tissue functions as an endocrine organ, secreting cytokines—termed adipokines—that contribute to chronic low-grade inflammation associated with obesity. Key adipokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and leptin are discussed for their roles in disrupting insulin signaling pathways, leading
This 2007 review by Chandalia and Abate explores the role of chronic low-grade inflammation in the development of metabolic complications associated with obesity, such as insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. The authors discuss how adipose tissue in obese individuals secretes pro-inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α and IL-6, which
This 2018 narrative review by Rondanelli et al., published in Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, synthesizes findings from 82 studies to evaluate the roles of vitamin D, vitamin C, zinc, and Echinacea in supporting immune function across three key domains: physical barriers, innate immunity, and adaptive immunity. The authors report
This overview synthesizes findings from multiple systematic reviews assessing the anti-inflammatory effects of vitamin D, vitamin C, melatonin, and zinc in the context of COVID-19. The analysis indicates that while these nutraceuticals possess immunomodulatory properties, the evidence supporting their efficacy in reducing inflammation and improving clinical outcomes in COVID-19 patients
This 2021 narrative review by Berger et al., published in Clinical Nutrition ESPEN, examines the micronutrient status of the Swiss population and its implications for immune function, particularly in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. The authors highlight that deficiencies in key micronutrients—such as vitamin D, vitamin C, zinc, selenium,
This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted role of zinc in modulating immune responses and its potential anti-cancer properties. Zinc is integral to numerous physiological processes, including the function of over 300 enzymes and various transcription factors, notably through structures like zinc fingers that facilitate DNA binding. The article highlights that
This 2020 review article by Pecora et al., published in Nutrients, examines the critical roles of various micronutrients in modulating immune responses, particularly against respiratory viral infections. The authors highlight that deficiencies in vitamins A, C, D, E, B6, B12, folate, and trace elements like zinc, selenium, copper, and magnesium
This 2023 review article by Zou et al., published in Frontiers in Medicine, examines the multifaceted roles of zinc in skin health and its involvement in various dermatological conditions. Zinc is crucial for maintaining skin integrity, modulating inflammation, and supporting immune responses. The review discusses zinc’s involvement in skin disorders
