Same Exposure but Two Radically Different Responses to Antibiotics: Resilience of the Salivary Microbiome versus Long-Term Microbial Shifts in Feces

This 2015 randomized, placebo-controlled study assessed how four common antibiotics (clindamycin, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, minocycline) affect the oral and gut microbiota in 66 healthy adults over a year. The study found that the salivary microbiome displayed high resilience, quickly reverting to baseline after antibiotic exposure. In contrast, the fecal microbiome exhibited