This 2016 review outlines pharmacologic strategies for sarcopenia, characterized by loss of muscle mass and function. While resistance exercise, protein supplementation, and vitamin D remain foundational treatments, pharmacologic options are under investigation. High-dose testosterone can increase muscle mass and strength but carries risks such as cardiovascular events and prostate enlargement.
This 2017 editorial discusses bipolar androgen therapy (BAT) as a novel treatment strategy for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). BAT involves alternating testosterone levels between supraphysiologic and near-castrate concentrations, aiming to exploit the paradoxical effects of androgen exposure on tumor cells. Initial studies have shown that BAT is safe and can
This 2016 double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial investigated the effects of Testofen, a standardized Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed extract, on symptoms of androgen deficiency, sexual function, and serum testosterone levels in 120 healthy men aged 43–70. Participants received 600 mg/day of Testofen or placebo for 12 weeks. The primary outcome, the
This 2020 single-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial assessed the efficacy of daily oral administration of L-arginine (5 g), tadalafil (5 mg), and their combination in 120 men aged ≥60 years with erectile dysfunction (ED). Participants were randomized into four groups (n=30 each) receiving L-arginine, tadalafil, combined therapy, or placebo for 6
This 2019 double-blind, randomized controlled trial evaluated the efficacy of daily oral l-arginine (2.5 g) combined with tadalafil (5 mg) in 108 diabetic men with mild to moderate erectile dysfunction (ED). Over an 8-week period, patients receiving the combination therapy exhibited significant improvements in International Index of Erectile Function-5 (IIEF-5)
This 2017 review explores the interconnected pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), highlighting shared mechanisms such as insulin resistance, lipid dysregulation, inflammation, and oxidative stress. The authors propose that low testosterone levels may exacerbate these conditions by impairing insulin signaling, increasing amyloid-β accumulation, and promoting
This review explores the role of various hormone therapies in managing congestive heart failure (CHF). It highlights the significance of neurohormonal systems in CHF pathophysiology and discusses treatments like the dual-acting drug valsartan/sacubitril, which shows promise alongside traditional medications such as beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists. Clinical
This 2017 systematic review evaluated the efficacy of off-label augmentation strategies in unipolar depression by analyzing data from meta-analyses, randomized controlled trials, and case studies. The review identified five agents—modafinil, ketamine, pindolol, estrogen, and testosterone (in hormone-deficient patients)—with evidence supporting their clinical effectiveness when added to antidepressant regimens. Other agents
This review discusses emerging evidence supporting the role of testosterone (T), alone or in combination with the aromatase inhibitor anastrozole (T+A), in reducing the incidence of breast cancer and possibly treating existing hormone receptor-positive tumors. Subcutaneous T or T+A implants have demonstrated symptom relief in women with androgen deficiency, including
This 2008 collaborative meta-analysis by the Endogenous Hormones and Prostate Cancer Collaborative Group pooled data from 18 prospective studies, encompassing 3,886 men with incident prostate cancer and 6,438 controls, to assess the relationship between circulating endogenous sex hormones and prostate cancer risk. The analysis found no significant associations between prostate
