This review explores the complex relationship between testosterone levels and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in men. Low total testosterone (TT) and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels are commonly observed in men with MetS, primarily due to hyperinsulinemia and increased inflammatory cytokines associated with obesity. Low SHBG levels have been identified as
This 2014 review article explores the mechanisms by which obesity leads to reduced testosterone levels in men, the associated health risks, and potential management strategies. Obesity, particularly moderate to severe, is linked to decreased total and free testosterone levels due to factors such as insulin resistance, increased aromatase activity converting
This review examines the evolving evidence on the cardiovascular safety of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in men with hypogonadism. While earlier observational studies raised alarms over increased cardiovascular risks—including myocardial infarction and stroke—recent randomized trials, particularly the TRAVERSE study, provide reassurance that TRT does not significantly increase the risk of
This 2015 review explores the complex interactions between testosterone deficiency, insulin-resistant obesity, and cognitive decline. It highlights how low testosterone levels can exacerbate insulin resistance and promote central adiposity, both of which are linked to increased neuroinflammation and oxidative stress—key contributors to cognitive impairment. Testosterone appears to support cognitive function
This 2022 population-based study analyzed data from 143,035 men aged 65 and older using SEER-Medicare records from 2007–2015. It found that pre-diagnostic use of metformin and testosterone replacement therapy (TTh), both independently and jointly, was associated with significantly reduced incidence of prostate and colorectal cancers. The combination therapy yielded the
This 2017 retrospective cohort study analyzed data from 44,335 men aged ≥40 years with androgen deficiency (total testosterone
This 2009 review evaluates the benefits and risks of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in men with hypogonadism. TRT has been shown to improve libido, sexual function, bone density, muscle mass, body composition, mood, erythropoiesis, cognition, quality of life, and cardiovascular health. However, concerns remain regarding potential adverse effects, including prostate
This multi-institutional retrospective study compared the prevalence of secondary polycythemia in 363 hypogonadal men treated with either clomiphene citrate (CC) or testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). The study found that polycythemia occurred in 11.2% of men receiving TRT compared to only 1.7% in the CC group (p = 0.0003). Both treatments
This 2021 systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the association between testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) and venous thromboembolism (VTE) risk by analyzing 13 randomized controlled trials encompassing 5,050 men. The pooled data indicated no significant increase in VTE risk among men receiving TRT compared to placebo (RR: 1.03; 95% CI: 0.49–2.14;
This observational study analyzed the relationship between serum testosterone levels and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in three groups: eugonadal men, untreated hypogonadal men, and hypogonadal men receiving testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). The study found no significant correlation between PSA levels and testosterone concentrations across all groups. Despite significant increases in testosterone
