This 2018 systematic review analyzed six randomized controlled trials assessing the efficacy of ozone therapy in knee osteoarthritis (KOA). The studies primarily involved elderly patients with mild to moderate KOA. Findings indicated that ozone therapy provided short-term pain relief, particularly when combined with hyaluronic acid, but was not superior to
This 2020 study by Ma et al. investigated the formation of potentially harmful byproducts—chlorite, chlorate, and perchlorate—when ozone is introduced into normal saline, a practice used in certain ozone therapies. Utilizing ion chromatography-mass spectrometry (IC-MS), the researchers analyzed ozonated saline stored in two types of containers: polypropylene saline bottles and
This 2016 review by Zanardi et al. explores the dual nature of ozone (O₃) as both a potent oxidant and a therapeutic agent. The authors discuss how, at controlled doses, ozone can stimulate beneficial biological responses, including the activation of antioxidant systems and modulation of the immune response. The review
This 2017 review by Smith et al. examines the pharmacodynamics, clinical applications, and safety considerations of ozone therapy. The authors discuss how ozone induces moderate oxidative stress, leading to increased antioxidant production, improved oxygen delivery, and enhanced immune responses. Various administration routes are explored, including autohemotherapy, rectal insufflation, and topical
This 2018 review by Seyam et al. explores the application of oxygen-ozone (O₃) therapy in treating various musculoskeletal disorders. The authors discuss the physiological and biochemical mechanisms by which ozone therapy may exert therapeutic effects, including modulation of oxidative stress and enhancement of oxygen metabolism. Clinical applications reviewed encompass conditions
This 2022 systematic review by Wen et al. evaluated the efficacy and safety of ozone therapy in treating chronic wounds, including diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). The analysis included 12 randomized controlled trials utilizing various ozone delivery methods such as topical applications (ozone gas baths, ozonated oil, ozone water flushing) and
This 2016 animal study assessed the impact of preoperative rectal ozone insufflation on surgical wound healing in rabbits. Twenty-one rabbits were divided into three groups: sham, surgical wound without treatment, and surgical wound with ozone therapy (70 µg/mL O₂-O₃ mixture, 12 mL, administered rectally every other day for six sessions).
This 2021 preclinical study evaluated the impact of intraperitoneal ozone therapy on erectile function and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Eighteen rats were divided into control, diabetes mellitus (DM), and DM + ozone therapy groups. After two weeks of ozone treatment, the DM + ozone group
This 2018 case report by Robert Jay Rowen details the treatment of a middle-aged male patient who developed acute right thigh cellulitis following a tick bite. The patient received ozone therapy as the sole treatment modality, administered via direct intravenous gas (DIV) and direct injection into the affected area. Remarkably,
This 2003 prospective study by Clavo et al. investigated the impact of systemic ozone therapy on resting muscle oxygenation. Twenty-three patients and three healthy volunteers received ozone therapy via autohemotransfusion on three alternate days over one week. Muscle oxygenation was measured in the tibialis anterior using polarographic needle electrodes before
