This 2012 review article examines the role of carotenoids—fat-soluble pigments found in fruits and vegetables—in cardiovascular health. Carotenoids, such as beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin, possess antioxidant properties that can neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS), thereby reducing oxidative stress—a key factor in atherosclerosis development. The review highlights that carotenoids may
