This 2022 study investigated the effects of berberine (BBR) on atherosclerosis through modulation of the gut microbiota. BBR was found to reduce the production of trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO), a metabolite associated with atherosclerosis, by down-regulating the choline-TMA-TMAO pathway. The mechanism involves BBR's metabolite, dihydroberberine (dhBBR), which inhibits key enzymes in
