This systematic review analyzed 348 studies, with 80 meeting inclusion criteria, to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of topical agents used in melasma treatment. The review reaffirmed triple combination (TC) therapy—comprising hydroquinone, a retinoid, and a corticosteroid—as the gold standard due to its superior efficacy and patient tolerability. Hydroquinone
This review explores the potential of topical L-thyroxine (T4) in dermatology, highlighting its roles in skin physiology, wound healing, and hair growth. It discusses the mechanisms by which T4 influences epidermal and hair follicle functions, including modulation of keratin expression, mitochondrial activity, and stem cell behavior. The article emphasizes the
This 2019 review discusses the impact of estrogen deficiency on skin aging in postmenopausal women, highlighting symptoms such as dryness, atrophy, fine wrinkling, and poor wound healing. The article evaluates topical treatments, including estrogen creams and soy-derived isoflavones like genistein, which interact with estrogen receptors in the skin. Clinical studies
This 2005 study conducted two double-blind, vehicle-controlled trials to assess the histological effects of a topical formulation combining retinol and vitamin C on aged and photoaged human skin. In the first study, eight postmenopausal women applied the formulation to one elbow and a vehicle to the other twice daily for
This 2023 review explores azelaic acid (AzA), a naturally occurring dicarboxylic acid with multifaceted dermatological applications. AzA exhibits anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-keratinizing properties, making it effective in treating conditions like acne vulgaris, rosacea, melasma, and post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation. Its mechanisms include inhibition of tyrosinase and mitochondrial enzymes, suppression of DNA
This 2016 case report by Singal et al. describes two elderly female patients with nodular pigmented basal cell carcinoma (BCC) on the face, treated with topical 5% imiquimod cream. Both patients applied the cream once daily for four consecutive days each week, supplemented with betamethasone valerate cream on the remaining
This 2015 retrospective study evaluated the maintenance of hair density in 50 male patients with androgenetic alopecia (AGA) who transitioned from oral finasteride to a topical formulation containing 5% minoxidil and 0.1% finasteride. After two years of oral finasteride and minoxidil therapy, patients switched to the topical regimen. Results showed
This 2019 systematic review titled “Ozonated Oils and Cutaneous Wound Healing” (Current Pharmaceutical Design, DOI: [10.2174/1381612825666190702100504*) examined numerous experimental and clinical studies on the use of ozonated oils in wound healing. The findings highlight ozonated oils’ potent antimicrobial properties (bactericidal, antiviral, and antifungal), as well as their ability to modulate
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial published in the International Journal of Dermatology (1993, PMID: 8225725) evaluated the safety and effectiveness of 2% topical minoxidil in 256 women aged 18 to 45 with androgenetic alopecia. Over 32 weeks, participants applied 1 mL of solution twice daily. Results showed a statistically significant
This study evaluated the effect of BPC 157, a pentadecapeptide, on muscle healing in rats with corticosteroid-induced muscle impairment. BPC 157 was administered either intraperitoneally or topically as a cream, and it significantly accelerated muscle recovery, overcoming the negative impact of corticosteroid treatment. The results showed restored muscle function, with
