This 2002 preclinical study by Sikiric et al. evaluated the effects of BPC 157, a stable gastric pentadecapeptide, on behavioral disturbances induced by chronic amphetamine exposure in rats. The study aimed to assess BPC 157’s impact on tolerance and reverse tolerance phenomena associated with repeated amphetamine administration. Rats received an
This 24-week, open-label, single-arm study evaluated the effects of extended-release naltrexone/bupropion (NB) therapy in 25 overweight or obese women with major depressive disorder (MDD). Participants received NB alongside dietary and behavioral counseling. At baseline, 91% exhibited moderate to severe binge eating behaviors per the Binge Eating Scale (BES). By week
This 1998 study by Jelovac et al. investigated the effects of BPC 157, a stable gastric pentadecapeptide, on amphetamine-induced stereotypy and haloperidol-induced supersensitivity to amphetamine in rats. The researchers found that BPC 157 administration significantly reduced the acute stereotypic behaviors induced by amphetamine and prevented the development of supersensitivity to
This 2011 study by Hendricks and Greenway evaluated the potential for abuse, dependence, and withdrawal symptoms in patients who abruptly discontinued long-term phentermine therapy for obesity. Thirty-five patients who independently stopped taking phentermine were assessed using a modified 18-item Kampman Cocaine Selective Severity Assessment scale tailored for phentermine. Their results
This 2014 study by Hendricks et al. investigated whether long-term phentermine use leads to abuse, psychological dependence, or withdrawal symptoms in patients treated for obesity. The study included 269 participants: 117 long-term users (1.1–21.1 years) and 152 short-term users (4–22 days), with daily doses ranging from 15 to 112.5 mg.
This 2012 review article, published in Current Pharmaceutical Design, explores the involvement of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of depressive disorders. The authors discuss how an imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and antioxidant defenses can lead to neuronal damage, contributing to the development and progression of depression. The
This 2005 review article, published in Journal of Psychopharmacology, explores the potential role of folic acid and vitamin B12 supplementation in the treatment of depression. The authors discuss evidence linking deficiencies in these vitamins to depressive symptoms and suggest that supplementation may enhance the efficacy of antidepressant medications. The review
This 2016 longitudinal study by Beydoun et al., published in Translational Psychiatry, investigates the link between systemic inflammation and depressive symptoms using data from the Healthy Aging in Neighborhoods of Diversity across the Life Span (HANDLS) cohort. The study included a diverse sample of urban adults and analyzed white blood
This cross-sectional study involving 7,387 Iranian adults aged 20–70 years examined the relationship between dietary B vitamin intake and psychological symptoms. Using a validated food frequency questionnaire and the DASS-21 scale, the study found that higher biotin intake was significantly associated with lower odds of depression (OR 0.71), anxiety (OR
This randomized controlled trial investigated whether daily supplementation with high doses of folic acid (2.5 mg), vitamin B6 (50 mg), and vitamin B12 (1 mg) over an average of 7 years could reduce the incidence of depression in 4,331 women aged 63.6 years without prior depression. Despite significant reductions in
