This 1999 study evaluated the safety of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) in 76 women with a history of breast cancer, including 50 who used ERT for up to 32 years. The findings indicated that ERT did not increase the risk of cancer recurrence or mortality. Additionally, the addition of progestogens
This 2021 review evaluates how different formulations, dosages, and administration routes of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) influence cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Oral unopposed estrogens positively affect lipoprotein levels, glycemia, and insulin sensitivity, but adding progestogens can attenuate these benefits. Micronized progesterone has the least negative impact among progestogens. Transdermal estrogens
A randomized trial examined the effects of different progestogens on sleep quality in postmenopausal women with insomnia. One hundred Thai women were assigned to receive estradiol valerate (1 mg) combined with either dydrogesterone (10 mg) or micronized progesterone (100 mg) daily. Over three months, both groups showed significant improvements in
A review published in Gynecological Endocrinology analyzed the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) findings on hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in postmenopausal women, focusing on the effects of conjugated equine estrogens (CEE) alone versus CEE combined with medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). The study highlighted that the high prevalence of metabolic syndrome among participants
This study examined how different progestogens influence gene expression in the breast tissue of postmenopausal women, highlighting their potential impact on cell proliferation and cancer pathways. The findings suggest that the choice of progestogen in hormone therapy may affect breast cancer risk, emphasizing the need for personalized hormone therapy to
The study titled “Differential effects of progestogens, by type and regimen, on estrogen-metabolizing enzymes in human breast cancer cells” (Maturitas, 2007, PMID: 16962266) investigates how different progestogens impact estrogen metabolism in human breast cancer cells. Findings suggest that various progestogens, depending on type and regimen, differentially regulate estrogen-metabolizing enzymes, potentially
