This 2022 review highlights the resurgence of iodine deficiency in industrialized nations, including the U.S., due to declining iodine intake from changes in dietary patterns and food manufacturing practices. Despite historical success with salt iodization programs, inconsistent policies and reduced use of iodized salt have led to mild-to-moderate deficiencies. The
This 2020 systematic review, conducted by the USDA’s Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review (NESR) team, evaluated 19 studies (1 RCT and 18 prospective cohort studies) to assess the relationship between various beverage consumptions during pregnancy and birth weight outcomes standardized for gestational age and sex. The review found insufficient and inconsistent
This 2024 guideline updates the 2011 recommendations, focusing on vitamin D use for disease prevention in individuals without established indications for treatment or 25(OH)D testing. Key recommendations include: (1) Empiric vitamin D supplementation is suggested for children and adolescents aged 1–18 years to prevent nutritional rickets and potentially reduce respiratory
This 2020 comprehensive review provides an updated framework for managing Graves’ disease, addressing both thyroidal hyperfunction and extrathyroidal manifestations such as thyroid eye disease (TED). Methimazole (MMI) is the first-line antithyroid medication, with a treatment duration of 12–18 months. Persistently elevated TSH receptor antibodies or recurrence of hyperthyroidism post-treatment warrants
This 2022 review provides updated clinical guidance on the assessment and management of thyroid disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Key considerations include the increased iodine requirement due to heightened thyroid hormone production, and the differentiation between gestational transient thyrotoxicosis and Graves’ disease in early pregnancy. The review addresses
This guideline outlines evidence-based recommendations for managing adult lead exposure, emphasizing that adverse health effects can occur at blood lead levels (BLLs) below 40 μg/dL. Key recommendations include: removing individuals from occupational lead exposure if a single BLL exceeds 30 μg/dL or if two consecutive BLLs measured over a 4-week
This 2015 review examines calcitonin, a 32-amino acid hormone secreted by thyroid C-cells, focusing on its physiological role and clinical relevance. Calcitonin is stimulated by elevated serum calcium and gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin, contributing to the prevention of hypercalcemia. It also stimulates renal production of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D at a site
This observational study examined the effects of intravenous ozone therapy on immune modulation in 35 women with autoimmune conditions and viral infections, including gestosis, anti-HLA antibodies, ABO sensitivity, anti-sperm antibodies, and various viral antibodies. The results demonstrated that ozone therapy significantly reduced anti-erythrocyte and anti-leukocyte antibody levels, boosted the T-helper/T-suppressor
This cross-sectional study of 100 overweight pregnant women found that lower serum zonulin concentrations—an indicator of improved intestinal barrier function—were associated with greater gut microbiota richness, higher dietary intakes of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), fiber, vitamins, and minerals, and specific gut bacterial taxa. The findings suggest that promoting dietary
This observational study reviewed the importance of choline intake during pregnancy and lactation, emphasizing its roles in fetal brain development, membrane biosynthesis, neurotransmission, and gene expression. Despite its essential functions, most pregnant women in the U.S. fail to meet the recommended intake of 450 mg/day. Research suggests that adequate choline
