This 2005 article provides clinicians with guidance on opioid conversion, emphasizing methadone’s unique pharmacokinetic properties. Methadone’s potency varies with prior opioid exposure, necessitating careful dose adjustments. The article underscores the importance of individualized dosing and monitoring to ensure patient safety during opioid rotation, particularly when transitioning to methadone.
This 2016 review provides a practical framework for translating drug doses between animal models and humans using allometric scaling based on body surface area (BSA). It outlines a five-step method: determining the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) in animals, converting NOAEL to human equivalent dose (HED) using species-specific Km
This 2004 study by Padayatty et al. investigated the pharmacokinetics of vitamin C administered orally and intravenously in 17 healthy volunteers. The study found that oral administration of vitamin C produces tightly controlled plasma concentrations due to limited absorption and renal excretion. In contrast, intravenous administration bypasses these controls, resulting
This 2019 study analyzed data from two Phase III trials involving 1,162 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease (AD) to assess the relationship between hydromethylthionine (LMTM) plasma concentration and clinical outcomes. Findings revealed that even at a low dose of 8 mg/day, patients with higher plasma levels experienced significant
This study evaluated the safety and pharmacokinetics of intravenous citrulline in infants and children undergoing congenital heart surgery. In Phase 1, a dose-escalation protocol (50, 100, 150 mg/kg) was used, with a target plasma citrulline trough of 80–100 µmol/L. The 150 mg/kg dose achieved this target. Due to citrulline’s short
This experimental study investigates the comparative effectiveness of meso- and racemic-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) in mobilizing cadmium in rats following intraperitoneal administration of radioactive ^109Cd. Treatment involved two doses of each DMSA form (1 mmol/kg at 0 and 24 hours), and cadmium retention was assessed over six days. Both DMSA isomers
This review article provides a detailed examination of the pharmacologic properties of topical agents used in the treatment of superficial skin cancers such as actinic keratoses and basal cell carcinoma. It reviews the mechanisms of action, pharmacokinetics, formulations, clinical indications, adverse effect profiles, and contraindications of approved agents like 5-fluorouracil,
Piracetam, a cyclic derivative of GABA, exhibits neuroprotective, anticonvulsant, and nootropic properties. It modulates neurotransmission across cholinergic and glutamatergic systems, enhances neuroplasticity, and improves microcirculation by reducing erythrocyte adhesion and vasospasm. Clinically, piracetam has demonstrated efficacy in cognitive disorders, dementia, vertigo, cortical myoclonus, dyslexia, and sickle cell anemia. Despite requiring
This 2008 review critically examines the role of vitamin C in cancer therapy. While early studies, notably by Linus Pauling, suggested benefits of high-dose vitamin C, subsequent randomized trials using oral administration did not confirm these findings. Recent pharmacokinetic data indicate that intravenous vitamin C can achieve plasma concentrations with
This 2006 case series evaluated three patients with advanced cancers who received high-dose intravenous vitamin C (IVC) therapy. Each patient experienced unexpectedly prolonged survival and clinical improvement. Pharmacokinetic data indicated that IVC achieves plasma concentrations (~14,000 μmol/L) significantly higher than oral administration, levels at which vitamin C exhibits selective cytotoxicity
