Well Referenced

Tag: opioid receptors

Evidence for Sugar Addiction: Behavioral and Neurochemical Effects of Intermittent, Excessive Sugar Intake

This 2008 review by Avena, Rada, and Hoebel examines whether sugar can elicit addictive behaviors and neurochemical changes similar to those caused by drugs of abuse. Using an animal model, the study identifies four key components of addiction—bingeing, withdrawal, craving, and cross-sensitization—demonstrated through intermittent, excessive sugar intake. Neurochemical analyses reveal

Read More »
June 26, 2025 No Comments

Low-Dose Naltrexone (LDN)—Review of Therapeutic Utilization

This 2018 review explores the pharmacological properties and therapeutic applications of low-dose naltrexone (LDN), defined as daily doses between 1 and 5 mg. LDN modulates the immune system by transiently blocking opioid receptors, leading to upregulation of endogenous opioids and reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines via Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) antagonism.

Read More »
June 26, 2025 No Comments