Muscle Mass Archives - Well Referenced

The bright and the dark sides of L-carnitine supplementation: a systematic review

This 2020 systematic review assessed the effects of prolonged L-carnitine (LC) supplementation on metabolism and related modifications. Analyzing 11 studies involving healthy human subjects who received oral LC (1–4 g/day) for 12–24 weeks, the review found that LC combined with carbohydrates effectively increased skeletal muscle carnitine content. In centenarians, supplementation

June 26, 2025 No Comments

A Review of Sarcopenia Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, Treatment and Future Direction

This 2022 review provides a comprehensive overview of sarcopenia, a progressive loss of skeletal muscle mass and function. It highlights that sarcopenia affects up to 29% of older adults in community healthcare settings. Diagnosis requires evidence of low muscle mass combined with low muscle strength or physical performance. Non-pharmacological treatments,

June 26, 2025 No Comments

Pharmacologic Options for the Treatment of Sarcopenia

This 2016 review outlines pharmacologic strategies for sarcopenia, characterized by loss of muscle mass and function. While resistance exercise, protein supplementation, and vitamin D remain foundational treatments, pharmacologic options are under investigation. High-dose testosterone can increase muscle mass and strength but carries risks such as cardiovascular events and prostate enlargement.

June 26, 2025 No Comments

The benefits and risks of testosterone replacement therapy: a review

This 2009 review evaluates the benefits and risks of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in men with hypogonadism. TRT has been shown to improve libido, sexual function, bone density, muscle mass, body composition, mood, erythropoiesis, cognition, quality of life, and cardiovascular health. However, concerns remain regarding potential adverse effects, including prostate

June 26, 2025 No Comments

Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis

This 2019 consensus by the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP2) redefines sarcopenia as a muscle disease characterized primarily by low muscle strength. Diagnosis involves a stepwise approach: (1) identifying probable sarcopenia through low muscle strength; (2) confirming diagnosis by assessing low muscle quantity or quality; and

June 26, 2025 No Comments

Hormone replacement therapy and physical function in healthy older men. Time to talk hormones?

This review discusses the potential benefits of hormone replacement therapy (HRT), particularly testosterone and growth hormone (GH), in maintaining physical function in older men, especially those suffering from age-related declines in muscle mass and strength (sarcopenia). It highlights that while exercise is important, it may not be sufficient for older

June 26, 2025 No Comments

L-Carnitine treatment reduces severity of physical and mental fatigue and increases cognitive functions in centenarians: a randomized and controlled clinical trial

This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigated the effects of L-carnitine supplementation on physical and mental fatigue, cognitive function, and body composition in centenarians. Participants receiving 2 grams of levocarnitine daily experienced significant reductions in fat mass (-1.80 kg vs. +0.6 kg; P < 0.01), increases in muscle mass (+3.80 kg

June 26, 2025 No Comments

Physical enhancement of older adults using hyperbaric oxygen: a randomized controlled trial

This randomized controlled trial examined the effects of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) on physical performance and muscle mass in healthy older adults, demonstrating significant improvements in muscle function and exercise capacity. HBOT, which involves breathing pure oxygen in a pressurized environment, enhances oxygen availability in tissues, stimulating angiogenesis, reducing inflammation,

June 26, 2025 No Comments

DHEA enhances effects of weight training on muscle mass and strength in elderly women and men

The article titled “Dehydroepiandrosterone supplementation combined with weight training improves muscle mass and strength in elderly individuals” (American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism, 2006, PMID: 16787962) is a randomized controlled trial evaluating the effects of DHEA supplementation combined with resistance training on muscle mass and strength in elderly adults. The

June 26, 2025 No Comments

The role of androgens and estrogens on healthy aging and longevity

This review examines the role of androgens and estrogens in aging, focusing on their impact on muscle mass, bone density, and overall physical function. In men, declining testosterone levels are linked to reduced muscle mass, bone density, and strength, while in women, estradiol deficiency primarily affects bone health, with less

June 26, 2025 No Comments

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