This 2013 review explores oxytocin (OXT) as a potential therapeutic agent for obesity and diabetes. Traditionally recognized for its role in reproduction, OXT has been found to influence metabolic regulation by acting on the hypothalamus to suppress appetite and increase energy expenditure. Animal studies demonstrate that OXT administration leads to
This 2021 review article evaluates clinical studies on resveratrol supplementation in overweight and obese individuals. Resveratrol, a polyphenolic compound, exhibits antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic regulatory properties. Clinical trials suggest that resveratrol may improve insulin sensitivity, reduce oxidative stress, and modulate adipogenesis through pathways involving SIRT1 activation and AMPK signaling. However,
This 2006 study by Turnbaugh et al. revealed that the gut microbiota in obese individuals and mice has an increased capacity for energy harvest, characterized by a higher Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes ratio. Using metagenomic sequencing and colonization experiments in germ-free mice, the researchers demonstrated that microbiota from obese donors conferred greater fat
This review explores the distinct and overlapping peripheral effects of thyroid hormones (THs), particularly triiodothyronine (T3), and their metabolites, such as 3,5-diiodothyronine (3,5-T2) and 3-iodothyronamine (T1AM). T3 and 3,5-T2 enhance mitochondrial activity and thermogenesis, notably in brown adipose tissue (BAT), with 3,5-T2 mimicking T3’s effects without significant cardiac side effects.
This 2018 review by Salzano et al. explores the therapeutic potential of growth hormone (GH) replacement in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), a condition often associated with acquired GH deficiency. The authors outline how GH and its mediator IGF-1 influence myocardial function, vascular tone, and metabolic regulation. Although animal
This 2016 review elucidates the synergistic relationship between NAD⁺ and sirtuins in regulating aging and longevity. It details how NAD⁺-dependent sirtuins, particularly SIRT1 and SIRT3, influence metabolic pathways, mitochondrial function, and stress responses. The paper discusses how declining NAD⁺ levels with age impair sirtuin activity, leading to disrupted nuclear-mitochondrial communication
The 2005 study titled “Glutamine is a key regulator for amino acid-controlled cell growth through the mTOR signaling pathway in rat intestinal epithelial cells” (PMID: 15567168) explores the role of glutamine in regulating cellular growth via the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. Conducted in rat intestinal epithelial cells,
This study examined the 24-hour hormone profiles of TSH, free T3, and free T4 in 20 hypothyroid patients, comparing those on combined T3/T4 therapy (n=10) with those on T4 monotherapy (n=10). Patients on combined therapy experienced a 42% increase in fT3 levels within 4 hours post-dose, while those on T4
This observational study explored the use of triiodothyronine (T3) therapy in hospitalized patients with hypothyroidism, demonstrating its effectiveness in rapidly normalizing thyroid hormone levels and improving clinical outcomes compared to levothyroxine (T4). The study found that T3 had a faster onset of action, making it particularly beneficial for critically ill
The study “Growth hormone administration stimulates energy expenditure and extrathyroidal conversion of thyroxine to triiodothyronine in a dose-dependent manner and suppresses circadian thyrotrophin levels: studies in GH-deficient adults” examines the effects of growth hormone (GH) therapy on metabolic processes and thyroid function in adults with GH deficiency. The findings indicate
