This 2020 study by Wang et al. analyzed data from the Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project to assess the association between menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) use and long-term mortality outcomes. Among women with breast cancer, ever-users of MHT had a 23% lower risk of all-cause mortality (HR=0.77), a 31%
This 2020 position statement by EMAS and IGCS offers comprehensive guidelines on the management of menopausal symptoms and osteoporosis in women who have undergone treatment for gynecological cancers. It advocates individualized care based on cancer type, treatment history, and hormone receptor status. For women with early-stage, low-grade endometrial cancer, menopausal
This 2012 review explores the vascular effects of estrogenic menopausal hormone therapy (MHT). Estrogen exerts both genomic and non-genomic actions on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), including inhibition of contraction mechanisms such as intracellular calcium, protein kinase C, and Rho-kinase pathways. Estrogen also modulates the vascular cytoskeleton, extracellular matrix, lipid
This 2017 analysis of the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) randomized trials examined the long-term effects of menopausal hormone therapy (HT) on mortality. Among 27,347 postmenopausal women followed for a median of 18 years, neither estrogen-alone nor estrogen-plus-progestin therapy was associated with increased all-cause or cause-specific mortality, including deaths from cardiovascular
This 2020 study analyzed long-term data from the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) to assess the impact of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) on breast cancer incidence and mortality. Among 10,739 women with prior hysterectomy, those receiving conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) alone had a significantly lower breast cancer incidence (HR 0.78; 95%
This 2019 meta-analysis by the Collaborative Group on Hormonal Factors in Breast Cancer pooled individual data from over 108,000 postmenopausal women with breast cancer and more than 400,000 without, across 58 studies worldwide, to evaluate the impact of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) on breast cancer risk. The analysis found that
This 2021 review evaluates how different formulations, dosages, and administration routes of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) influence cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Oral unopposed estrogens positively affect lipoprotein levels, glycemia, and insulin sensitivity, but adding progestogens can attenuate these benefits. Micronized progesterone has the least negative impact among progestogens. Transdermal estrogens
This systematic review assessed the impact of micronized progesterone combined with estrogen on breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women with an intact uterus. The study found that short-term use (up to 5 years) of this combination did not significantly increase the risk of breast cancer, but limited evidence suggested that
The Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) randomized trials examined the effects of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) on breast cancer incidence and mortality. The findings showed that estrogen therapy (ET) alone, given to women with prior hysterectomy, decreased both breast cancer incidence and mortality. In contrast, combined estrogen plus progestin therapy (EPT)
This narrative review, published in Osteoporosis International (2020), examines the role of menopausal hormone therapy (MHT) in managing postmenopausal osteoporosis. The study highlights that MHT provides significant anti-fracture efficacy in women not specifically selected for low bone mineral density, with benefits observed regardless of concurrent progestogen use. However, these skeletal
