This review explores the immunomodulatory and potential anti-cancer effects of β-glucans, complex polysaccharides found in the cell walls of fungi, bacteria, and cereals. β-glucans interact with immune receptors such as Dectin-1, complement receptor 3 (CR3), and Toll-like receptors (TLR-2/6), activating immune cells including macrophages, neutrophils, monocytes, natural killer (NK) cells,
This comprehensive review discusses Natural Killer Cell Deficiency (NKD), a rare primary immunodeficiency characterized by absent or dysfunctional NK cells, leading to increased susceptibility to viral infections and certain cancers. NKD is classified into classical NKD (cNKD), marked by a significant reduction or absence of NK cells, and functional NKD
This review article explores the antimicrobial roles of copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in innate immunity. It highlights how phagocytic immune cells, such as macrophages and neutrophils, utilize Cu and Zn to intoxicate engulfed bacterial pathogens. The article discusses the mechanisms by which these metals disrupt bacterial homeostasis, including interference
This study elucidates a novel mechanism by which the DNA repair enzyme 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase-1 (OGG1) contributes to innate inflammation. Upon repairing oxidatively damaged DNA (specifically 8-oxoG lesions), OGG1 forms a complex with the excised base, acquiring guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity that activates KRAS. Activated KRAS then triggers downstream
This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial investigated the effects of yeast-derived β-1,3/1,6-glucan supplementation on upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and innate immunity in older adults. Participants aged 50–70 years received either 250 mg/day of β-glucan or a placebo for 90 days. The study found that β-glucan supplementation significantly reduced the incidence
This 2014 review examines the immunomodulatory effects of orally administered yeast-derived beta-glucans (Y-BG). Despite low systemic absorption, Y-BG interacts with intestinal immune cells via receptors like Dectin-1 and CR3, enhancing both innate and adaptive immunity. Clinical studies indicate benefits such as reduced upper respiratory tract infections in susceptible individuals, increased
This 2014 review evaluates the immunomodulatory properties of dietary yeast-derived β-1,3/1,6-D-glucan, focusing on its oral bioactivity and clinical relevance. Despite low systemic absorption, oral β-glucans interact with intestinal immune cells via receptors like Dectin-1, CR3, and TLRs, leading to enhanced innate and adaptive immune responses. Clinical trials with insoluble yeast
This 2007 review article explores the immunomodulatory properties of β-glucans, naturally occurring polysaccharides found in the cell walls of fungi, bacteria, and cereals. The authors discuss how β-glucans enhance host immune defense by activating the complement system and enhancing the function of macrophages and natural killer (NK) cells. The article
This 2024 review article delves into the intricate relationship between ferroptosis—a regulated, iron-dependent form of cell death—and the immune system. It highlights how ferroptosis influences both innate and adaptive immunity, affecting processes such as infection response, autoimmunity, and tumor immunity. The review discusses the dual role of ferroptosis in promoting
This review provides a detailed examination of the biological mechanisms and technological platforms underlying vaccine adjuvants. Adjuvants are classified into immunostimulatory agents and delivery systems, both of which enhance vaccine efficacy by activating innate immunity and optimizing antigen presentation. Key mechanisms include engagement of pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like
