frailty Archives - Well Referenced

Improved Function With Enhanced Protein Intake per Meal: A Pilot Study of Weight Reduction in Frail, Obese Older Adults

This 2016 randomized controlled trial assessed the impact of meal-based protein enhancement on weight loss and physical function in 67 obese adults aged ≥60 with functional limitations. Participants were assigned to either a traditional weight loss diet or one with >30g protein per meal. Both groups experienced significant weight loss

June 26, 2025 No Comments

Immunologic Changes in Frail Older Adults

This review article explores the immunological alterations associated with frailty in older adults. Frailty is characterized by a heightened inflammatory state, evidenced by elevated serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP), and an increased number of circulating monocytes. These changes reflect a chronic, low-grade inflammation known as “inflammaging.”

June 26, 2025 No Comments

Atrial Fibrillation: A Geriatric Perspective on the 2020 ESC Guidelines

This review provides a geriatric lens on the 2020 European Society of Cardiology (ESC) guidelines for atrial fibrillation (AF), emphasizing the need for individualized care in older adults. While the ESC promotes an “ABC” approach—Anticoagulation/Avoid stroke, Better symptom control, and Cardiovascular risk and comorbidity management—the authors argue that this framework

June 26, 2025 No Comments

Risks of Statin Therapy in Older Adults

This expert commentary reviews the concerns surrounding statin therapy in adults aged 75 and older, particularly in the context of primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (CVD). While statins are proven to reduce cardiovascular events in younger populations, the evidence in older adults is less definitive, especially for those without established

June 26, 2025 No Comments

Growth Hormone and Aging: Updated Review

This review examines the complex role of growth hormone (GH) in mammalian aging. While GH levels decline with age, this reduction may serve as a protective mechanism against age-related diseases, including cancer. Animal studies demonstrate that absence of GH signaling can extend lifespan, suggesting a deceleration of aging processes. In

June 26, 2025 No Comments

Mechanisms of the anorexia of aging—a review

This 2015 review examines the multifactorial causes of anorexia of aging, highlighting physiological factors (e.g., diminished taste and smell, delayed gastric emptying), pathological conditions (e.g., depression, dementia, chronic diseases), and social influences (e.g., poverty, loneliness). The condition is associated with adverse outcomes such as protein-energy malnutrition, sarcopenia, frailty, and increased

June 26, 2025 No Comments

Levels of Plasma Coenzyme Q10 Are Associated with Physical Capacity and Cardiovascular Risk in the Elderly

This 2022 study examined the relationship between plasma CoQ10 levels and physical capacity and cardiovascular risk in individuals over 65. Findings indicated that higher CoQ10 levels were associated with lower cardiovascular risk, as measured by the total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio. Additionally, elevated CoQ10 levels correlated with greater physical activity, stronger

June 26, 2025 No Comments

Grip strength across the life course: normative data from twelve British studies

This 2014 study pooled 60,803 observations from 49,964 participants across 12 British population studies to establish normative grip strength values from ages 4 to 90. Findings indicate that grip strength increases to a peak in early adulthood—median 51 kg in males (ages 29–39) and 31 kg in females (ages 26–42)—followed

June 26, 2025 No Comments

Inflammageing: chronic inflammation in ageing, cardiovascular disease, and frailty

This review explores the concept of inflammageing, the chronic low-grade inflammation that increases with age, and its significant role in the development of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), frailty, and other age-related chronic conditions. By examining factors such as genetic predisposition, obesity, gut microbiota changes, cellular senescence, and mitochondrial dysfunction, the article

June 26, 2025 No Comments

Proinflammatory cytokines, aging, and age-related diseases

This 2013 review article published in the Journal of the American Medical Directors Association (PMID: 23792036) explores the role of proinflammatory cytokines—such as IL-6, IL-1, TNF-α, and CRP—in aging and their link to age-related diseases. Chronic low-grade inflammation, termed “inflamm-aging,” is associated with increased frailty, sarcopenia, cardiovascular conditions, and neurodegenerative

June 26, 2025 No Comments

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