This comprehensive review evaluates various animal models used to study depression, emphasizing the importance of selecting appropriate models to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the disorder. The authors discuss commonly used models such as the forced swim test, tail suspension test, chronic mild stress, learned helplessness, social defeat, and genetic
This study investigates the anti-stress effects of Ocimum sanctum (O. sanctum) in a chronic variable stress (CVS) model using rats. It found that O. sanctum administration increased body weight gain and reduced immobility time, indicating potential benefits in managing stress-related behaviors. In vitro assays revealed that O. sanctum and its
This study investigates the antidepressant-like effects of cannabidiol (CBD) in mice, highlighting its role in serotonin modulation. Administering 10 mg/kg of CBD induced significant antidepressant effects in the forced swim test (FST), comparable to fluoxetine (10 mg/kg) and desipramine (5 mg/kg). Lower doses of CBD (7 mg/kg) combined with sub-effective
This study examined the antidepressant-like effects of chronic administration of synthetic cannabidiol (CBD) in mice. Over seven days, mice received CBD at doses of 10, 30, or 100 mg/kg, and depressive-like behaviors were assessed using the forced swim test (FST). The study found that 100 mg/kg of CBD significantly reduced
This animal study evaluated the antidepressant-like effects of methylene blue (MB) and its analogues, methylene green (MG) and others, demonstrating significant reductions in depressive behaviors in rodents. MB and MG showed dose-dependent improvements in depression symptoms, primarily by enhancing mitochondrial function, inhibiting monoamine oxidase (MAO) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS),
This study investigated five newly synthesized methylene blue (MB) analogues with low monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) inhibitory activity to assess their antidepressant-like effects. In rats, these analogues exhibited significant antidepressant effects in the forced swim test (FST), similar to imipramine and MB, without affecting locomotor activity. Their IC₅₀ values for
