Well Referenced

Tag: cytokine storm

Repurposing methylene blue in the management of COVID-19: Mechanistic aspects and clinical investigations

This 2021 review article explores the potential of methylene blue (MB) as a therapeutic agent for COVID-19, focusing on its mechanisms of action and clinical investigations. MB exhibits multiple antiviral and immunomodulatory properties: it can inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication by interfering with the viral spike protein’s binding to ACE2 receptors, disrupt

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

Ozone therapy in COVID-19: A narrative review

This 2021 narrative review titled “Ozone therapy in COVID-19: A narrative review” (Virus Research, DOI: [10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198207*) assessed the potential role of ozone therapy as an adjunctive treatment for COVID-19. The authors discussed how ozone’s antiviral, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and oxygenation-enhancing properties could theoretically target key pathophysiological processes like cytokine storms and

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

Interleukin-6 cytokine: An overview of the immune regulation, immune dysregulation, and therapeutic approach

This 2022 review article published in International Immunopharmacology (DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.109130) provides a comprehensive overview of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a key cytokine involved in both immune regulation and immune dysregulation. IL-6 plays a central role in inflammation, B and T cell activity, acute-phase responses, and is pivotal in autoimmune and chronic inflammatory

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

Serum interleukin-6 is an indicator for severity in 901 patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection: a cohort study

This cohort study of 901 patients with confirmed COVID-19 found that elevated serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels strongly correlate with disease severity and mortality. Critical cases had significantly higher IL-6 concentrations (median 21.55 pg/ml) than severe or common cases (P < 0.001), and IL-6 levels above 37.65 pg/ml predicted in-hospital mortality

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

Cytokine elevation in severe and critical COVID-19: a rapid systematic review, meta-analysis, and comparison with other inflammatory syndromes

This meta-analysis of 25 studies encompassing 1,245 patients with severe or critical COVID-19 found that average interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels (36.7 pg/mL) were significantly lower than those observed in cytokine release syndrome (3,110.5 pg/mL), sepsis (983.6 pg/mL), and non-COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (460 pg/mL). These findings question the characterization of

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June 26, 2025 No Comments