This 2019 review by Dr. George J. Brewer posits that the rise in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in developed countries correlates with increased ingestion of divalent copper (Cu²⁺), primarily from copper plumbing and dietary supplements. The author argues that while humans have evolved mechanisms to safely process monovalent copper (Cu¹⁺) from
This 2021 review explores the therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes (MSC-Exo) in treating neurocognitive disorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. MSC-Exo are nano-sized extracellular vesicles enriched with neuroprotective and immunomodulatory molecules, including microRNAs, neural growth factors, and anti-inflammatory cytokines. These exosomes can cross the blood-brain barrier, attenuate
This 2022 review examines the potential of stem cell therapy (SCT) as a treatment for dementia associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Parkinson’s disease (PD). The authors analyzed literature from databases including PubMed, Google Scholar, and the National Library of Medicine, focusing on studies related to SCT’s effects on dementia.
This 2017 review discusses the potential therapeutic role of resveratrol, a natural polyphenol, in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Resveratrol is a potent activator of SIRT1, a deacetylase that links energy balance to gene transcription regulation, mimicking caloric restriction effects. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II trial demonstrated that resveratrol is detectable
This 2018 review explores melatonin’s role in regulating human sleep and circadian rhythms. Melatonin, produced by the pineal gland under the control of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), conveys the message of darkness to the body, inducing night-state physiological functions such as sleep initiation, blood pressure reduction, and metabolic changes. The
This 2015 review explores melatonin’s multifaceted role in mitigating brain inflammaging—a chronic, low-grade inflammation contributing to aging and neurodegeneration. Melatonin functions as a direct and indirect antioxidant, modulates mitochondrial function, and suppresses proinflammatory pathways by inhibiting NADPH oxidase, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and proinflammatory cytokines. It also enhances circadian rhythm
This 2018 review by Maroon and Bost examines the therapeutic potential of phytocannabinoids, particularly cannabidiol (CBD) and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), in various neurological disorders. The authors highlight the neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties of these compounds, which interact with the endocannabinoid system (ECS) to influence physiological processes. Clinical and preclinical studies
This 2014 review explores the role of the CD200-CD200R signaling axis in regulating neuroinflammation within the central nervous system (CNS). The interaction between neuronal CD200 and microglial CD200R serves as an inhibitory mechanism to maintain microglial quiescence and prevent excessive inflammatory responses. Disruption of this pathway is implicated in neurodegenerative
This 2023 comprehensive review evaluates randomized clinical trials investigating methylene blue (MB) and its derivatives for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) treatment. MB, a thiophenazine dye with FDA approval for various conditions, can cross the blood-brain barrier, making it a candidate for central nervous system therapies. The review highlights MB’s potential benefits,
This 2019 study analyzed data from two Phase III trials involving 1,162 patients with mild to moderate Alzheimer’s disease (AD) to assess the relationship between hydromethylthionine (LMTM) plasma concentration and clinical outcomes. Findings revealed that even at a low dose of 8 mg/day, patients with higher plasma levels experienced significant
