This 1988 review article examines the prevalence and mechanisms of weight gain associated with tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), and lithium therapy. TCAs are linked to appetite stimulation, carbohydrate cravings, and a dose-dependent weight gain ranging from 0.57 to 1.37 kg per month, potentially due to noradrenergic or
This 2017 longitudinal study analyzed data from 1,632 healthy female twins in the UK to assess the relationship between gut microbiome diversity, dietary fiber intake, and long-term weight gain. The findings revealed that higher gut microbiome diversity and increased fiber intake were both independently associated with lower weight gain over
This 2015 article from The Journal of Family Practice addresses concerns about weight gain associated with hormonal contraceptive use. It concludes that while many women perceive weight gain as a side effect, most forms of hormonal contraception—particularly combined oral contraceptives (COCs)—do not cause significant weight gain. However, depot medroxyprogesterone acetate
This 2014 review article discusses the side effects associated with pharmacological treatments for bipolar depression and strategies to manage them. Commonly used medications include mood stabilizers (e.g., lithium, lamotrigine), antipsychotics (e.g., quetiapine, lurasidone), and antidepressants. The article highlights side effects such as weight gain, sedation, gastrointestinal disturbances, and metabolic changes.
This 2011 study by Lee et al. investigates the metabolic effects of chronic β-blocker therapy. The research comprises a mechanistic study comparing energy expenditure (EE), diet-induced thermogenesis, and habitual activity between β-blocker-treated individuals and matched controls, alongside cross-sectional analyses of body weight, BMI, and waist circumference in patients from diabetes
This 2011 review by Teff and Kim explores how atypical antipsychotics (AAPs) influence central and peripheral mechanisms regulating appetite and metabolism. AAPs, notably clozapine and olanzapine, are associated with significant weight gain and metabolic disturbances. The authors discuss how these drugs affect hypothalamic pathways, particularly through antagonism of histamine H1
This 2021 study conducted a multi-country economic analysis to assess the financial impact of cardiovascular and metabolic adverse events, including weight gain, associated with second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) in the treatment of schizophrenia. The research highlighted that SGAs, while effective in managing schizophrenia symptoms, are linked to significant metabolic side effects
This 1999 meta-analysis by Allison et al. systematically reviewed the extent of weight gain associated with various antipsychotic medications. The study found that clozapine and olanzapine were associated with the most significant weight gain, with average increases of 4.45 kg and 4.15 kg, respectively, over a 10-week period. Risperidone and
This 2009 nested case-control study analyzed data from the UK General Practice Research Database, encompassing 165,958 patients aged ≥30 years with depression but without diabetes at baseline. Over a follow-up period, 2,243 incident diabetes cases and 8,963 matched controls were identified. The study found that recent long-term use (≥24 months)
This 2010 population-based study analyzed data from over 151,000 working-aged adults in Finland to investigate the association between antidepressant use, weight gain, and the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. The study found that individuals with prolonged use of antidepressants (defined as ≥200 defined daily doses per year) had a
