Well Referenced

Tag: treatment-resistant depression

Effectiveness and Safety of Ketamine for Unipolar Depression: a Systematic Review

This systematic review evaluated 35 randomized controlled trials assessing the efficacy and safety of ketamine in treating Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). Intravenous (IV) ketamine demonstrated significant antidepressant effects in 70% of the studies, while oral and intranasal routes showed limited efficacy. Common adverse effects included nausea, vomiting, dizziness, diplopia, drowsiness,

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

Does Thyroid Hormone Have a Role as Adjunctive Therapy in Depression?

This 1996 review by I.M. Jackson evaluates the evidence supporting the use of thyroid hormones—particularly triiodothyronine (T3)—as adjunctive therapy in depression. The review highlights that hypothyroidism is commonly associated with depressive symptoms and should be treated with levothyroxine (T4). T3 has been shown to accelerate or enhance the response to

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

Augmentation strategies for treatment resistant major depression: A systematic review and network meta-analysis

This 2022 systematic review and network meta-analysis evaluated 65 randomized controlled trials encompassing 12,415 patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). The study compared the efficacy and discontinuation rates of 19 augmentation agents, including stimulants, atypical antipsychotics, thyroid hormones, antidepressants, and mood stabilizers. Significant response rates were observed with liothyronine, nortriptyline, aripiprazole,

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

Neurotrophic mechanisms underlying the rapid and sustained antidepressant actions of ketamine

This systematic review explores the neurotrophic mechanisms underlying ketamine’s rapid and sustained antidepressant effects, particularly in treatment-resistant depression. Ketamine increases brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the medial prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, promoting synaptogenesis and neurogenesis. These actions reverse the neuronal atrophy commonly observed in

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June 26, 2025 No Comments