This review provides a detailed examination of the biological mechanisms and technological platforms underlying vaccine adjuvants. Adjuvants are classified into immunostimulatory agents and delivery systems, both of which enhance vaccine efficacy by activating innate immunity and optimizing antigen presentation. Key mechanisms include engagement of pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like
This 2014 review examines the role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and the therapeutic potential of modulating TLR signaling. TLRs are pattern recognition receptors involved in innate immunity, and their dysregulation in AD contributes to chronic neuroinflammation and neuronal damage. The article discusses how
This 2018 review article published in Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience (DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00042) explores the role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)—a component of Gram-negative bacteria—in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). It highlights that LPS levels are significantly elevated in AD brains, co-localizing with amyloid plaques, neurons, and oligodendrocytes, and is associated with
