sepsis Archives - Well Referenced

When a calorie isn’t just a calorie: a revised look at nutrition in critically ill patients with sepsis and acute kidney injury

This 2022 review examines the complexities of nutritional management in critically ill patients with sepsis and acute kidney injury (AKI). It highlights that sepsis induces unique metabolic changes, such as activation of fasting metabolism, which may be protective. Traditional nutrition strategies, often based on inaccurate caloric estimates and not accounting

June 26, 2025 No Comments

Thymosin alpha-1

Thymosin alpha-1 (Tα1) is a synthetic peptide derived from thymic tissue, recognized for its immunomodulatory properties. It enhances T-cell differentiation and function, augments natural killer (NK) cell activity, and modulates cytokine production. Clinically, Tα1 has been approved in over 30 countries for treating chronic hepatitis B and C, and has

June 26, 2025 No Comments

Mortality Rate After Open Roux-in-Y Gastric Bypass: A 10-Year Follow-Up

This Brazilian cohort study evaluated 4,344 morbidly obese patients (79% female; median age 34.9 years; median BMI 42 kg/m²) who underwent open Roux-en-Y gastric bypass between 2001 and 2010. The 30-day mortality rate was 0.55%, and the 10-year mortality rate was 3.34%. Over half (53.7%) of the deaths were related

June 26, 2025 No Comments

Growth hormone-releasing hormone in endothelial inflammation

This review examines the potential therapeutic effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) antagonists in protecting against endothelial barrier dysfunction, particularly in conditions like sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. Preclinical studies suggest that GHRH antagonists could improve vascular function and reduce inflammation, making them promising candidates for treating vascular-related pathologies.

June 26, 2025 No Comments

Interleukin-6: obstacles to targeting a complex cytokine in critical illness

This 2021 review article published in The Lancet Respiratory Medicine (DOI: 10.1016/S2213-2600(21)00103-X) delves into the complex biology of interleukin-6 (IL-6), a cytokine with both pro- and anti-inflammatory roles, and its implications in critical illnesses such as sepsis, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and severe COVID-19. The review highlights IL-6’s multiple

June 26, 2025 No Comments

Long-term Host Immune Response Trajectories Among Hospitalized Patients With Sepsis

This 2019 prospective cohort study published in JAMA Network Open (PMID: 31390038) analyzed long-term immune response trajectories in 483 sepsis survivors across 12 U.S. hospitals. Researchers tracked biomarkers of inflammation (hs-CRP) and immunosuppression (sPD-L1) over 12 months and identified two phenotypes: one with persistent hyperinflammation and immunosuppression, and another with

June 26, 2025 No Comments

Cytokine elevation in severe and critical COVID-19: a rapid systematic review, meta-analysis, and comparison with other inflammatory syndromes

This meta-analysis of 25 studies encompassing 1,245 patients with severe or critical COVID-19 found that average interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels (36.7 pg/mL) were significantly lower than those observed in cytokine release syndrome (3,110.5 pg/mL), sepsis (983.6 pg/mL), and non-COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome (460 pg/mL). These findings question the characterization of

June 26, 2025 No Comments

The Story of Nitric Oxide, Sepsis and Methylene Blue: A Comprehensive Pathophysiologic Review

This review examines the role of nitric oxide (NO) in sepsis-induced vasoplegia and explores methylene blue (MB) as a potential treatment for refractory septic shock. NO contributes to excessive vasodilation in sepsis by activating the guanylate cyclase-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) pathway, leading to severe vasoplegic shock. MB inhibits this pathway,

June 26, 2025 No Comments

Tag: sepsis