This comprehensive review examines the influence of vitamins A, B12, C, D, E, and K on arterial stiffness, a key predictor of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The authors discuss mechanisms by which these vitamins may reduce arterial stiffness, including antiatherogenic effects, improvement of endothelial function (A, C, D, E), modulation
The 2011 review article “Glutamine as an Immunonutrient” (PMID: 22028151) explores the role of glutamine, the most abundant amino acid in the human body, in maintaining immune function and supporting recovery under stress conditions such as illness, trauma, or surgery. Though not traditionally classified as essential, glutamine becomes conditionally essential
This review article discusses the crucial role of glutamine in maintaining intestinal health, particularly during times of metabolic stress such as trauma, sepsis, or inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Glutamine promotes enterocyte proliferation, regulates tight junction proteins, suppresses inflammatory signaling pathways like NF-κB and STAT, and protects against cellular stress through
This systematic review evaluates how supplementation with glutathione (GSH) precursor amino acids—particularly cysteine, glycine, and glutamate—as well as non-precursor amino acids, micronutrients (such as vitamins C and E), and overall dietary patterns influence glutathione homeostasis and antioxidant defense. Because orally consumed GSH is inefficiently absorbed due to intestinal degradation, enhancing
