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Tag: mitochondrial respiration

Biological Effects of 3,5-Diiodothyronine (T₂)

This review explores the biological activities of 3,5-diiodothyronine (T₂), a metabolite of thyroid hormones. T₂ stimulates mitochondrial respiration through nuclear-independent pathways, enhancing energy expenditure and oxygen consumption. It influences mitochondrial functions, including oxidative phosphorylation and fatty acid oxidation, and modulates enzymes and ion transporters. T₂ also exhibits thyromimetic effects, impacting

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

Extinction memory improvement by the metabolic enhancer methylene blue

This animal study examined the effects of methylene blue (MB), a metabolic enhancer, on extinction memory retention in rats. Results showed that MB-treated rats exhibited significantly lower freezing behavior in response to the conditioned stimulus, indicating improved retention of extinction memory. Additionally, MB increased brain cytochrome oxidase activity by 38%,

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

Methylene blue improves mitochondrial respiration and decreases oxidative stress in a substrate-dependent manner in diabetic rat hearts

This study investigates the effects of methylene blue (MB) on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in diabetic rat heart mitochondria. The results showed that MB administration enhanced mitochondrial respiration in both healthy and diabetic rat hearts, particularly when complex I and II substrates were used. However, MB increased hydrogen peroxide

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June 26, 2025 No Comments