Well Referenced

Tag: microglial activation

LPS induces microglial activation and GABAergic synaptic deficits in the hippocampus accompanied by prolonged cognitive impairment

This 2023 in vivo animal study published in Scientific Reports (DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32798-9) explored how systemic inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) affects microglial activation, synaptic function, and cognition. Using a mouse model, researchers found that microglial activation peaked 3 days after LPS injection and was followed by GABAergic synaptic impairments and

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

The endotoxin hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease

This review introduces the “endotoxin hypothesis” of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), proposing that elevated levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)—an endotoxin from Gram-negative bacteria—play a significant role in AD pathogenesis. The article discusses how LPS can enter the bloodstream from gut dysbiosis or infections and accumulate in the brain, promoting amyloid-beta (Aβ) production,

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

Methylene blue attenuates neuroinflammation after subarachnoid hemorrhage in rats through the Akt/GSK-3β/MEF2D signaling pathway

This study evaluated the neuroprotective effects of methylene blue (MB) in rats following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), focusing on its ability to reduce neuroinflammation. MB treatment significantly decreased brain edema and improved neurological function by activating the Akt/GSK-3β/MEF2D signaling pathway, which led to increased nuclear MEF2D levels. Additionally, MB reduced pro-inflammatory

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June 26, 2025 No Comments

Methylene blue exerts a neuroprotective effect against traumatic brain injury by promoting autophagy and inhibiting microglial activation

This study investigates the neuroprotective effects of methylene blue (MB) in a traumatic brain injury (TBI) mouse model. MB administration resulted in a significant reduction in brain water content and neuronal death, indicating its potential to protect the brain after TBI. The study also found that MB promoted autophagy and

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June 26, 2025 No Comments