Hallmarks of aging: An expanding universe
This 2023 review expands the original 2013 framework of nine hallmarks of aging to twelve, reflecting advances in aging research. The updated hallmarks are: (1) genomic instability, (2) telomere attrition, (3) epigenetic alterations, (4) loss of proteostasis, (5) disabled macroautophagy, (6) deregulated nutrient sensing, (7) mitochondrial dysfunction, (8) cellular senescence,
June 26, 2025
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