Chronic stress-induced immune dysregulation in cancer: implications for initiation, progression, metastasis, and treatment
This comprehensive review explores how chronic psychological stress disrupts immune regulation, thereby influencing cancer initiation, progression, metastasis, and therapeutic resistance. Chronic stress activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and sympathetic nervous system, leading to elevated levels of glucocorticoids and catecholamines. These hormonal changes impair immune surveillance by promoting the expansion of
June 26, 2025
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