This systematic review analyzed 348 studies, with 80 meeting inclusion criteria, to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and mechanisms of topical agents used in melasma treatment. The review reaffirmed triple combination (TC) therapy—comprising hydroquinone, a retinoid, and a corticosteroid—as the gold standard due to its superior efficacy and patient tolerability. Hydroquinone
This review addresses common misconceptions about hydroquinone, a topical agent used to treat hyperpigmentation disorders. It emphasizes hydroquinone’s mechanism of action as a competitive inhibitor of tyrosinase, leading to decreased melanin production. The article highlights that when used in concentrations ≤5% for limited periods with regular monitoring, hydroquinone is effective
This systematic review and meta-analysis evaluated the efficacy and safety of azelaic acid compared to hydroquinone in treating melasma. Analyzing six randomized controlled trials encompassing 673 patients, the study found that azelaic acid led to a greater reduction in the Melasma Area and Severity Index (MASI) scores than hydroquinone (mean
