This review explores how maternal gut microbiota influence fetal development through nutrient metabolism and epigenetic regulation. It emphasizes the role of choline, an essential nutrient for fetal development, which is metabolized by maternal gut bacteria. This microbial metabolism can lead to choline deficiency and the production of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), a
This 2022 review provides updated clinical guidance on the assessment and management of thyroid disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Key considerations include the increased iodine requirement due to heightened thyroid hormone production, and the differentiation between gestational transient thyrotoxicosis and Graves’ disease in early pregnancy. The review addresses
This observational study reviewed the importance of choline intake during pregnancy and lactation, emphasizing its roles in fetal brain development, membrane biosynthesis, neurotransmission, and gene expression. Despite its essential functions, most pregnant women in the U.S. fail to meet the recommended intake of 450 mg/day. Research suggests that adequate choline
