This study investigated the association between blood glucose levels within the normal range (
This 2014 systematic review evaluated the impact of combined cognitive training and physical exercise on cognitive outcomes in older adults, with and without cognitive impairment. Analyzing data from eight studies, the review found that these multi-domain interventions generally improved cognitive function, particularly in memory, executive function, and attention. The benefits
This 2023 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (COSMOS-Mind) evaluated the effects of daily cocoa extract (500 mg flavanols) and a multivitamin-mineral (MVM) supplement on cognitive function in 2,262 older adults over three years. Cocoa extract supplementation showed no significant impact on global cognition, memory, or executive function. In contrast, daily MVM
This cohort study explored the relationship between brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene expression and cognitive decline in older adults. The study found that higher BDNF expression in the brain was associated with slower cognitive decline, particularly in those with Alzheimer’s pathology. The findings suggest that BDNF may act as a
This review explores the relationship between testosterone levels and cognitive function in elderly men, highlighting potential neuroprotective effects observed in cell culture and animal studies. While some observational studies suggest an association between higher testosterone levels and better memory and executive function, human research remains inconsistent. Low free testosterone levels
A randomized controlled trial published in Archives of Neurology (PMID: 22869065) examined the effects of growth hormone–releasing hormone (GHRH) on cognitive function in adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and healthy older adults. Over 20 weeks, participants received daily subcutaneous injections of GHRH or a placebo. The study found that
