This cross-sectional study assessed the link between long-term lead exposure and severity of intracranial carotid atherosclerosis in 213 patients undergoing digital subtraction angiography. Body lead stores, estimated via bone lead levels, were significantly higher in individuals with ≥50% intracranial carotid stenosis compared to those with
This review underscores the ongoing threat of chronic lead toxicity, highlighting that despite regulatory efforts and reductions in acute exposures, long-term low-level lead exposure remains widespread and detrimental to public health. It details the mechanisms through which chronic lead exposure affects neurological, renal, cardiovascular, and endocrine systems, often with irreversible
This comprehensive review examines the toxicological effects of cadmium (Cd), a heavy metal with no known physiological function in humans. Cd exposure occurs through various routes, including inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact, with primary sources being industrial processes, cigarette smoke, and contaminated food and water. The article discusses Cd’s accumulation
This comprehensive review examines the multifaceted toxicological effects of cadmium (Cd), a heavy metal with no known physiological function in humans. Cadmium exposure occurs through various routes, including inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact, with primary sources being industrial processes, cigarette smoke, and contaminated food and water. The article discusses cadmium’s
This study assessed cadmium (Cd) exposure and associated health risks among residents consuming locally produced foods in a Cd-contaminated area of Thailand. The research involved analyzing Cd concentrations in various food items and estimating dietary Cd intake among the population. Findings indicated that the average daily intake of Cd exceeded
This population-based cohort study utilized data from 14,289 adults in NHANES III (1988–1994) with mortality follow-up through 2011 to evaluate the relationship between low blood lead levels and long-term mortality. The analysis revealed that individuals with blood lead levels between 1.0 and 6.7 μg/dL faced significantly higher risks of all-cause
This archaeological toxicology study analyzed lead content in ancient human bones to assess historical exposure levels and social implications. Results showed that Roman-era skeletons exhibited bone lead levels approximately 1000 times higher than those from pre-industrial populations, such as in ancient Peru. The use of barium-to-lead ratios in bone apatite
This editorial underscores the ongoing challenges in eradicating lead exposure in the United States. Despite significant reductions in blood lead levels over recent decades, disparities persist, particularly among low-income and minority communities. The authors advocate for enhanced surveillance, targeted interventions, and sustained funding to address these inequities. Emphasis is placed
This large-scale prospective study analyzed data from 13,946 adults in the NHANES III cohort (1988–1994) with up to 12 years of follow-up. It found that even blood lead levels below 0.48 μmol/L (10 μg/dL) were associated with increased all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Participants in the highest tertile of blood lead
This guideline outlines evidence-based recommendations for managing adult lead exposure, emphasizing that adverse health effects can occur at blood lead levels (BLLs) below 40 μg/dL. Key recommendations include: removing individuals from occupational lead exposure if a single BLL exceeds 30 μg/dL or if two consecutive BLLs measured over a 4-week
