This 2022 study identified protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor delta (PTPRD) as the neural receptor for asprosin, a fasting-induced hormone derived from white adipose tissue. Asprosin crosses the blood-brain barrier and binds to PTPRD on AgRP neurons in the hypothalamus, activating them to stimulate appetite. Genetic ablation of PTPRD in mice
This 2006 review article explores the central nervous system (CNS) mechanisms regulating food intake and body weight. It highlights the hypothalamus, particularly the arcuate nucleus, as a critical center integrating hormonal signals like leptin and insulin with neural inputs to maintain energy homeostasis. The review discusses how disruptions in these
This 2015 commentary in The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology argues that obesity is a biologically defended chronic disease, making long-term weight loss through lifestyle modification alone often ineffective. The authors highlight that caloric restriction triggers biological adaptations—such as increased hunger, reduced energy expenditure, and hormonal changes—that promote weight regain. Additionally,
This 2013 literature review analyzed 61 studies to explore the relationship between intestinal microbiota and obesity, focusing on the effects of prebiotics and probiotics. Findings indicate that obese individuals exhibit distinct gut microbial compositions compared to non-obese individuals, with alterations affecting energy homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and intestinal permeability. Interventions using
