This comprehensive review examines the toxicological effects of cadmium (Cd), a heavy metal with no known physiological function in humans. Cd exposure occurs through various routes, including inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact, with primary sources being industrial processes, cigarette smoke, and contaminated food and water. The article discusses Cd’s accumulation
This comprehensive review examines the multifaceted toxicological effects of cadmium (Cd), a heavy metal with no known physiological function in humans. Cadmium exposure occurs through various routes, including inhalation, ingestion, and dermal contact, with primary sources being industrial processes, cigarette smoke, and contaminated food and water. The article discusses cadmium’s
This comprehensive review examines cadmium, a highly toxic heavy metal with widespread environmental and occupational exposure. Cadmium accumulates in the body, particularly in the kidneys and liver, leading to multi-organ damage. Chronic exposure is associated with renal dysfunction, bone demineralization, and increased cancer risk. The primary sources of cadmium exposure
